This question of the inclusion of subordinate groups lies at the core of important dichotomies in the scholarship on both populism and nationalism. In the former, it is critical to the distinction between inclusionary and exclusionary populisms (Mudde and Kaltwasser 2013; Filc 2015; Font et al. 2021). For nationalism, it is implicit in the separation into voluntary, liberal civic nationalism that emphasizes freedom, tolerance, equality, and individual and minority rights, as distinct from atavistic, illiberal ethnic nationalism that is seen as hostile to minorities. Widespread critiques, however, have prompted a move away from this normatively problematic and empirically fraught exercise of sorting nationalisms into these arbitrary, artificial categories (Brubaker 1996). Instead, scholars are increasingly approaching nationalism as a unified phenomenon that can be assessed in terms of how inclusive it is of different groups, notably minorities and/or immigrants (Schulte and Singh 2020; Tudor and Slater 2020; Kymlicka 1995; Tamir 1995).
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The updated, full-featured NIST MS Search Program for Windows has a fullrange of integrated tools. The new updated version of thiswidely used, full-featured software is designed for identifyingcompounds from their mass spectra and for exploring mass spectrallibraries. It also contains tools for deconvoluting gas/liquidchromatograms and interpreting mass spectra.Tip: If you've used older versions of NIST MS Search (especially before 2005), seeall the features that have been added to the last four editions.Library Searching via Multiple Search Modes
Chemical Identity
Structure Similarity
Impurity Reduction
Neutral Loss
Four Peak Types
Library Building
GC/MS Deconvolution
MS Interpretation
Chemical Substructure Analysis
Chemical Substructure Identification
Molecular Weight Estimation
Chlorine/Bromine Analysis
Isotope/Formula Generator
Integration with multiple Instrument Data Systems
OverviewThis software provides a flexible means of accessing data in the NISTand User libraries including:chemical identification by optimized, documented spectrum-matching methods,
analyzing mass spectra of compounds not in the library using library data,
finding spectra with pre-selected characteristics,
viewing spectra by name, formula, CAS registry number, molecular weight,or ID number,
User library building and maintenance, and
integration with a number of commercial GC/MS data systems and spectralanalysis tools.
Windows OrganizationWhen the program is first started, seven tiled windows appear on thescreen (the Desktop), each with its own data and behavior. The behaviorof any Window may be modified by making it active (clicking on it) andthen pressing the AdjustWin button at the bottom of the Desktop. As you become familiar with program operation, you may wish to change thedimensions of some Windows or even close some of them to create a customDesktop. When the program is restarted, it will begin with the mostrecent Desktop. To save a window-arrangement Desktop for future use,select Desktop from the Menu Bar and then Save As from the resulting Menu. Prior Desktops may be restored using one of the predefined names or yourown name. Such arrangements describe the geometry and type of informationshown in each Window, not the actual data contained in it. To restorea previous hit list, select it from the list at the top of the Hit ListWindow.Library Searching - Identify unknown compounds and substructuresusing fully documented and optimized procedures, or search by a wide rangeof compound and spectral properties.Library Building - Maintain your own libraries, add your ownchemical structures and search using the same optimized procedures developedfor NIST.Flexible User Interface - Set multiple Desktop configurationswith up to seven independently configured windows to examine search resultsand match your needs.Use with Your Instrument Data Systems - Direct transfer betweena number of commercial data systems and the NIST Search Program.Adding User-Drawn StructuresUsers may import their own chemical structureswith selected user spectra. This is done in the Tools/Librarian sectionof the program by connecting a user-drawn structure in standard MOL-fileformat with a user spectrum. Such structure-drawing programs arewidely available (for example, ISIS/Draw may be freely downloadedfrom ). As before, if a userspectrum is given its CAS registry number and the Main Library has a structurefor it, this structure will automatically be shown with user spectra unlessthe user has attached an imported structure to the spectrum.Aids for Automation and ReportingA variety of methods for automated searching and reporting of resultsare available. From the File menu selection, if Print automationis on, printing will follow each library search. A set of print optionsis also available from the "User Search Options" Window (select Search,then User spectrum). This is of particular use when using this NISTProgram with other data acquisition programs.What's New in NIST20Library improvements
NIST11 consists ofThe 2011 release of the NIST/EPA/NIH Electron Ionization (EI) Mass Spectral Database.The NIST MS/MS Database.The NIST GC Methods and Retention Index Database.A new version of the NIST Mass Spectral (MS) Program (v.2.0g).Enhanced versions of MS Interpreter and AMDIS are also included with NIST11.NIST11 expands in three main areas:EI Database expanded (10%) and improved.MS/MS database expanded by 6x.Updated search software & utilities with new features.The NIST/EPA/NIH Database of Electron Ionization Mass Spectranow contains243,893 carefully evaluated spectra for 212,961 compounds,an increase of nearly 10% from the 2008 version. This includes 23,433new spectra of metabolites, drugs of abuse, derivatives of common compoundsand many more, all measured specifically for this library. Other majorenhancements have been made to the prior version including many replacementswith higher quality spectra, a thorough review of chemical names and mergingof the previous salts library into the main library.
Download NIST 17 Demo.The demo differs from the fullversion of NIST mainly in that it contains a very small subset of theEI database and a somewhat older version of the software (about 2300 spectra).Also, this is a demo does not contain the Agilent integration (ChemStation/MassHunter macros nor NIST in the ChemStation .L format), although you can load Agilent .D files into the included NIST AMDIS program, which in turn integrates with NIST MS Search.The demo also does not contain MS/MS spectra, although there is a separate peptide demo available for that (NIST MS/MS peptide demo).Note: For some MS data systems that search for the NIST MS Search program location in the "c:\windows\win.ini" (or "c:\winnt\win.ini") file, you might need to edit that file in a text editor to change the line "[NISTMSDEMO]" to "[NISTMS]" like the real version of NIST.Download AMDIS 2.71 (July 2012) (free) (AMDIS is included in NIST 17 demo and need not be downloaded separately)
Soil heavy metal contamination has become an increasing problem worldwide. Among the heavy metals, Cu, Zn, Mn, Cd, Pb, Ni and Cr are considered to be the most common toxicity problems causing increasing concern. Growth inhibition and reduced yield are common responses of horticultural crops to nutrient and heavy metal toxicity [2]. Nevertheless, sometimes less common responses happen under metal toxicity conditions. For example, in the case of Pb it has been suggested that inhibition of root growth is one of the primary effects of Pb toxicity through the inhibition of cell division at the root tip [59]. Significant reductions in plant height, as well as in shoot and root dry weight (varying from 3.3% to 54.5%), as compared with that of the controls, were found for Typha angustifolia plants in different Cr treatments [60]. Furthermore, according to Caldelas et al. (2012) [19], not only growth inhibition happened (reached 65% dry weight) under Cr toxicity conditions, but also root/shoot partitioning increased by 80%. Under Cr stress conditions, it was found that root and shoot biomass of Genipa americana L. were significantly reduced [20]. The biomass reduction of Genipa americana trees is ascribed, according to the same authors, to the decreased net photosynthetic rates and to the limitations in stomatal conductance. The disorganization of chloroplast structure and inhibition of electron transport is a possible explanation for the decreased photosynthetic rates of trees exposed to Cr stress [20]. In contrast to the above, Cd and Pb applications induced slight or even significant increase in plant height and biomass. The fact that Cd and Pb addition enhanced Ca and Fe uptake suggests that these two nutrients may play a role in heavy metal detoxification by Typha angustifolia plants; furthermore, increased Zn uptake may also contribute to its hyper Pb tolerance, as recorder in the increased biomass over the control plants [60]. According to the same authors (Bah et al., 2011), plants have mechanisms that allow them to tolerate relatively high concentrations of Pb in their environment without suffering from toxic effects.
Mycorrhizal associations may be another factor increasing resistance to heavy metal toxicity, thus reducing the depression of biomass due to toxic conditions. Castillo et al. (2011) [80] found that when Tagetes erecta L. colonized by Glomus intraradices displayed a higher resistance to Cu toxicity. According to the same authors, Glomus intraradices possibly accumulated excess Cu in its vesicles, thereby enhanced Cu tolerance of Tagetes erecta L. [80]. 2ff7e9595c
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